That's a form of recklessness or addiction perhaps that's only a mental illness when it goes wrong. Those who can take the risks and win aren't mentally ill just as those who manage psychosis or paranoia without hospitalisation aren't diagnosed with schizophrenia or other psychotics disorders such as bipolar (sorry ladies and gents and fans of Steven Fry. Bipolar's a psychotic illness).
Learning disabilities is the modern term for idiocy and the other old terms for people who lacked a degree of general intelligence (according to the consensus measures). Financial capability has been a observed to be a problem for some people with or without mental illnesses, for example the people who take out door step loans with daily interest in the tens of percent.
The modern finanical world is a set of tricks designed to make a person spend more. Those with high finanical capability, for example the sort of person who knows more than the sales person, might be able to sail through the multitude of offers designed to squeeze more out of a person's pocket.
Pay as you go mobile phone contracts are one of these areas where people are tricked by bargains. They're given offers that sound amazing to anyone who can't do the maths, for example buy £10 of credit and get £20 free sounds like an amazing bargain however they up the call charges to 30p a minute while their standard or previous tariff was £10 for £10 of calls at 10p/min. The old tariff would roll over the credit to the next month whereas the new tariff would only roll over any of the initial £10 (which is used up 3 times quicker) while the £20 'free' wouldn't roll over.
Of course in this example the best thing would be a contract-free deal rather than pay as you go however people who have bad credit ratings or are financially excluded through bankrupcy don't have that option.
There are other examples. I remember working with someone who had enough money to buy a car outright and planned to. She was persuaded by the salesman to buy it on credit, even though she had the money and was ready to spend it as a lump sum. She was persuaded that it's better to have the lump sump in her bank and pay over time though it was really a ruse to increase the salesperson's monthly bonus. I can't remember if they'd attempted to sell Payment Protection Insurance.
Financial capability is important because money is important and people who work selling financial products may knowingly or unknowingly mis-sell them (unknowingly because many are just handed call scripts from their managers). Clearly the reckless spending associated with hypermania is something that's recognised as part of the illness. People in clinically manic states are often ripe pickings for the nefarious and those that are simply mental health unaware.
I'm considering this more analogous to intellectual disabilities. The lack of financial capability is a problem created by a complex system and not a real thing. I think every person, even the bankers themselves, must get frustrated at some point with the illogical of financial systems and credit packages. Certainly from the stories I've heard from my friends who've worked in investment banks it seems a certain amount of exploitation of a lack of financial capability is not the exception but the rule in their industry. Examples are hard but it'd be like me swapping a phone for a bag of crisps which might have a prize of £10,000.
I imagine in a decade or two there might be research papers that start with, "In the story of Jack and the beanstalk there's a clear example of a man with a financial capability illness. 3 magic beans for a cow is like spending £173million just on improving access to CBT. But they did it ten or twenty years ago."
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